Fully immersed liquid-cooled energy storage

The immersion liquid cooling technique demonstrates its effectiveness in efficiently absorbing heat generated by LIBs under high C-rate discharge, while maintaining an optimal temperature range of 34–35 °C. However, FAC fails to adequately fulfill the demands of LIBs thermal management under high C-rate.

The liquid cooling system comprise a condenser connected with external liquid loop (The coolant flow rate was kept at 8 L/min), a battery tank equid with a pressure meter (ZSE30AF, China), battery charge/discharge equipment (AODAN CD1810U5, China), a data acquisition instrument (FLUKE 2638A, USA), and an environmental chamber (GZP 360BE, China).

Its operation marks a successful application of immersion cooling technology in new-type energy storage projects and is expected to contribute to China's energy security and stabilization and its green and low-carbon development. Developed by China Southern Power Grid (CSG), the plant has a capacity of 70 megawatts/140 megawatt-hours.

Liquid cooling-based battery thermal management systems (BTMs) have emerged as the most promising cooling strategy owing to their superior heat transfer coefficient, including two modes: indirect-contact and direct-contact. Direct-contact liquid BTMs, also referred to as immersion cooling systems, have garnered significant attention.

In a single-phase immersion cooling system, the dielectric fluid absorbs the heat released by the batteries without undergoing any phase change. David W. Sundin et al. employed engineered fluids to facilitate the cooling of Samsung Model 286S batteries.

Immersion cooling systems can be categorized into two categories: single-phase liquid cooling and two-phase liquid cooling. In a single-phase immersion cooling system, the dielectric fluid absorbs the heat released by the batteries without undergoing any phase change.