Photovoltaic installation above the energy storage power station

Integrating photovoltaic (PV) system offers a promising solution to mitigate energy demand within the metro system, promoting cleaner electricity and contributing to a low-carbon future. However, due to discrepancies between PV power generation and energy demand profiles, on-site PV utilization remains suboptimal.

As shown in Fig. 1, a photovoltaic-energy storage-integrated charging station (PV-ES-I CS) is a novel component of renewable energy charging infrastructure that combines distributed PV, battery energy storage systems, and EV charging systems.

In this study, an evaluation framework for retrofitting traditional electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) into photovoltaic-energy storage-integrated charging stations (PV-ES-I CSs) to improve green and low-carbon energy supply systems is proposed.

Currently, some experts and scholars have begun to study the siting issues of photovoltaic charging stations (PVCSs) or PV-ES-I CSs in built environments, as shown in Table 1. For instance, Ahmed et al. (2022) proposed a planning model to determine the optimal size and location of PVCSs.

It was discovered that Integrating energy storage can make abandoned PV in the off-grid mode decreases from 65 % to 27 %, and PV grid-connection in the grid-connected mode drops from 66 % to 35 %. The literature review concerning the design and planning of the hybrid systems of renewable energy and energy storage are presented in Table 1. Table 1.

Build PV and storage systems to relevant standards, such as IEEE 937: Recommended Practice for Installation and Maintenance of Lead-Acid Batteries for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems (IEEE 2007).